CMIP
The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) is a project of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP). This project aims to carry out climate simulations in a coordinated way between different research groups (Eyring et al., 2016), allowing a better estimation and understanding of the differences between climate models. It also makes possible to estimate the uncertainty related to the difference about the estimation of human-related climate change in different models. Here we use models from the CMIP6 experiment. We provide bias-corrected CMIP6 model outputs from the NASA Global Daily Downscaled Projections of the NEX-GDDP archive (NEX-GDDP-CMIP6). This data set has been produced by bias-correcting CMIP6 models outputs using the Global Meteorological Forcing Dataset (GMFD) as and observed reference (Thrasher et al., 2022). It results in climate simulations at 0.25-degree daily data covering the whole globe, with different emission scenarios: historical, SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585.
Thrasher, B., Wang, W., Michaelis, A., Melton, F., Lee, T., & Nemani, R. (2022). NASA Global Daily Downscaled Projections, CMIP6. In Scientific Data (Vol. 9, Issue 1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01393-4
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937-1958, doi:10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
Thrasher, B., Wang, W., Michaelis, A., Melton, F., Lee, T., & Nemani, R. (2022). NASA Global Daily Downscaled Projections, CMIP6. In Scientific Data (Vol. 9, Issue 1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01393-4
Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., and Taylor, K. E.: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 1937-1958, doi:10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016, 2016.
ISIMIP
Climate-related multi-sectoral indicators are here provided over 1950-2100 under different future greenhouse gases RCP scenarios (van Vuuren et al. 2011). These indicators illustrate changes in sectors such as agriculture, hydrology, climate extremes and health, and include: leaf area index (~vegetal cover proxy), crop yields of maize, soy, wheat and rice under a full irrigated (simplified) scenario, high surface runoff (flood risk indicator), low surface runoff (drought risk indicator), fraction of burnt areas (fire indicator), and a heat stress indice (health indicator). This non-exhaustive set of climate-related indicators was developed in the framework of the HABITABLE European project that aims to understand and quantify interlinkages between global warming impacts and human displacement and migration. Our indicators are thus considered to provide cross-sectoral information about possible future risks (adverse changes, e.g. less crop yields) and benefits (positive/beneficial changes, e.g. lower heat stress) for people.
Multi-sectoral indicators have been extracted and calculated from the Inter Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project protocol 2b (ISIMIP2b; Frieler et al. 2017) that consists in a large set of climate impact data across sectors and scales. ISIMIP2b provides historical and future simulations from multiple combinations of sectoral global impact models (e.g. crop models, hydrological models) and climate General Circulation Models (GCMs from the Coupled-Models Intercomparison Project phase 5; Taylor et al. 2012).
Frieler, K., Lange, S., Piontek, F., Reyer, C. P. O., Schewe, J., Warszawski, L., Zhao, F., Chini, L., Denvil, S., Emanuel, K., Geiger, T., Halladay, K., Hurtt, G., Mengel, M., Murakami, D., Ostberg, S., Popp, A., Riva, R., Stevanovic, M., Suzuki, T., Volkholz, J., Burke, E., Ciais, P., Ebi, K., Eddy, T. D., Elliott, J., Galbraith, E., Gosling, S. N., Hattermann, F., Hickler, T., Hinkel, J., Hof, C., Huber, V., Jägermeyr, J., Krysanova, V., Marcé, R., Müller Schmied, H., Mouratiadou, I., Pierson, D., Tittensor, D. P., Vautard, R., van Vliet, M., Biber, M. F., Betts, R. A., Bodirsky, B. L., Deryng, D., Frolking, S., Jones, C. D., Lotze, H. K., Lotze-Campen, H., Sahajpal, R., Thonicke, K., Tian, H., and Yamagata, Y.: Assessing the impacts of 1.5 °C global warming – simulation protocol of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2b), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4321–4345. (2011) doi:10.5194/gmd-10-4321-2017
Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J. & Meehl, G. A. An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93, 485–498. (2012) doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1
van Vuuren, D.P., Edmonds, J., Kainuma, M. et al. The representative concentration pathways: an overview. Climatic Change 109, 5 (2011). doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0148-zREADME ISIMIP
Multi-sectoral indicators have been extracted and calculated from the Inter Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project protocol 2b (ISIMIP2b; Frieler et al. 2017) that consists in a large set of climate impact data across sectors and scales. ISIMIP2b provides historical and future simulations from multiple combinations of sectoral global impact models (e.g. crop models, hydrological models) and climate General Circulation Models (GCMs from the Coupled-Models Intercomparison Project phase 5; Taylor et al. 2012).
Frieler, K., Lange, S., Piontek, F., Reyer, C. P. O., Schewe, J., Warszawski, L., Zhao, F., Chini, L., Denvil, S., Emanuel, K., Geiger, T., Halladay, K., Hurtt, G., Mengel, M., Murakami, D., Ostberg, S., Popp, A., Riva, R., Stevanovic, M., Suzuki, T., Volkholz, J., Burke, E., Ciais, P., Ebi, K., Eddy, T. D., Elliott, J., Galbraith, E., Gosling, S. N., Hattermann, F., Hickler, T., Hinkel, J., Hof, C., Huber, V., Jägermeyr, J., Krysanova, V., Marcé, R., Müller Schmied, H., Mouratiadou, I., Pierson, D., Tittensor, D. P., Vautard, R., van Vliet, M., Biber, M. F., Betts, R. A., Bodirsky, B. L., Deryng, D., Frolking, S., Jones, C. D., Lotze, H. K., Lotze-Campen, H., Sahajpal, R., Thonicke, K., Tian, H., and Yamagata, Y.: Assessing the impacts of 1.5 °C global warming – simulation protocol of the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP2b), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4321–4345. (2011) doi:10.5194/gmd-10-4321-2017
Taylor, K. E., Stouffer, R. J. & Meehl, G. A. An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 93, 485–498. (2012) doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1
van Vuuren, D.P., Edmonds, J., Kainuma, M. et al. The representative concentration pathways: an overview. Climatic Change 109, 5 (2011). doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0148-zREADME ISIMIP
Climate Indices
In order to analyze the impacts of climate change for different applications, a set of climate indices has been produced, calculated from bias-corrected CMIP6 model outputs using the ICCLIM package. The time series of these indices are provided at the same spatial resolution as the bias-corrected CMIP6 simulations and the different indices are computed at the annual time step in historical and future simulations. The different climate indices considered are those recommended by the WMO and the WCRP Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI).
Zhang, X., Alexander, L., Hegerl, G.C., Jones, P., Tank, A.K., Peterson, T.C., Trewin, B. and Zwiers, F.W. (2011), Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily temperature and precipitation data. WIREs Clim Change, 2: 851-870. doi:10.1002/wcc.147
Zhang, X., Alexander, L., Hegerl, G.C., Jones, P., Tank, A.K., Peterson, T.C., Trewin, B. and Zwiers, F.W. (2011), Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily temperature and precipitation data. WIREs Clim Change, 2: 851-870. doi:10.1002/wcc.147
